1 2 3 4 5 6 Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou, Ningbo and Wuxi are treated as separate urban areas which constitute the Yangtze River Delta economic zone. Urban areas of Changzhou (1,885,000; 194 km2), Nantong (1,165,000; 85 km2), Yangzhou (1,040,000; 49 km2), Huzhou (690,000; 111 km2), Zhenjiang (580,000; 36 km2) and Taizhou (in Jiangsu Province; 300,000; 39 km2), as well as urban areas of Cixi (780,000; 259 km2) and Yuyao (370,000; 111 km2) within the sub-provincial city of Ningbo, urban areas of Jiaxing (760,000; 130 km2) and Tongxiang (510,000; 52 km2) within the prefecture-level city of Jiaxing, urban areas of Shaoxing (685,000; 254 km2), Zhuji (400,000; 85 km2) and Shangyu (310,000; 57 km2) within the prefecture-level city of Shaoxing, urban areas of Changshu (640,000; 62 km2), Kunshan (590,000; 401 km2) and Taicang (350,000; 91 km2) within the prefectrual level city of Suzhou, urban areas of Jinhua (400,000; 130 km2), Yongkang (290,000; 155 km2), Dongyang (260,000; 104 km2) and Lanxi (220,000; 34 km2) within the prefecture-level city of Jinhua, urban areas of Wenling (510,000; 52 km2), Jiaojiang (375,000; 41 km2), Taizhou (in Zhejiang Province; 290,000; 65 km2) and Huangyan (200,000; 34 km2) within the prefectrure-level city of Taizhou and urban area of Fuyang (390,000; 49 km2) within the sub-provincial city of Hangzhou are also excluded.
↑ Includes the Governorate of Al-Qahirah (Cairo) and the cities of Al-Jizah (Giza) and Shubra al-Khaymah (Shubra El-Kheima).
↑ The population is lower than other estimates (such as the United Nations), which include metropolitan area population not within the continuously developed urban area. The Demographia population estimate is determined from accumulating smaller area population data from national census data within the urban footprint. Excludes urban area of Narayanganj (745,000; 39 km2) which has been included in the 2009 edition.
↑ The population estimate is suspect, due to the lack of readily available data for local areas outside the city jurisdiction (Moscow Oblast). Demographia is indebted to Richard Forstall, who has provided local authority area population data for portions of Moscow Oblast within the Moscow urban areas. Other estimates (such as the United Nations estimate) include only the municipality of Moscow, which includes only part of the urban footprint. Excludes urban area of Elektrostal–Noginsk (380,000; 168 km2) within Moscow Oblast.
↑ Excludes urban areas of Toluca (1,590,000; 220 km2) and Cuernavaca (675,000; 171 km2).
↑ Various international sources limit their population estimates to DKI Jakarta itself (the natinal capital district). However, the urbanization of Jakarta extends into the regencies of Tangerang, Bekasi, Bogor and Karawang and the separate cities of Bekasi, Depok and Bogor.
↑ The population is lower than other estimates (such as the United Nations), which include metropolitan area population not within the continuously developed urban area.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Hong Kong in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Shenzhen are treated as separate urban areas because of the lack of freedom of labor movement without trade, immigration or customs barriers. Guangzhou–Foshan, Shenzhen and Dongguan are also treated as separate urban areas which constitute the Pearl River Delta economic zone. While Guangzhou and Foshan are combined into a single urban area, urban areas of Shunde located within the prefecture-level city of Foshan and urban area of Zhongshan are treated as a separate urban area. Likewise, urban areas of Zhuhai (1,225,000; 246 km2), Huizhou–Huiyang (800,000; 101 km2) and Zhaoqing (310,000; 41 km2), as well as urban areas of Jiangmen–Xinhui (1,100,000; 220 km2) and Taishan (350,000; 44 km2) within the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen, urban area of Lishui (300,000; 44 km2) within the prefecture-level city of Foshan and urban area of Macau (560,000; 21 km2) in the Macau Special Administrative Region are excluded. Population estimates for Shenzhen and Dongguan are based upon press and other reports on the actual population, since the national census excludes millions of residents who do not have permanent resident status.
↑ Higher population estimates are indicated by some source. The Demographia population estimate is determined from accumulating smaller area population data from the 2006 census. Excludes urban area of Ikorodu (525,000; 130 km2) within Lagos State.
↑ The population is higher than other agglomeration estimates (such as the United Nations), tend to be limited to Metro Manila, which is a province level jurisdiction. The continuous urbanization of Manila extends outward into Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal and Quezon provinces. The Demographia population estimate is a “build-up” of municipality population within the continuously developed area (urban area or agglomeration).
↑ Includes Nara and Himeji. United Nations estimates separate Osaka–Kobe and Kyoto and exclude both Nara and Himeji. Excludes urban area of Ōtsu (775,000; 303 km2) and Wakayama (430,000; 91 km2).
↑ The population is higher than other estimates (such as the United Nations), which do not include all population within the continuously developed urban area (especially in New Taipei City). Includes Taoyuan and Jhongli (Chungli) which have been excluded in the 2010 edition. Excludes urban area of Hsinchu (650,000; 117 km2).
1 2 Johannesburg–East Rand and Pretoria are treated as separate urban areas which constitute the Vaal Triangle. Urban area of Vereeninging (Emfuleni) (1,140,000; 479 km2) is also excluded.
1 2 Tehran and Karaj are treated as separate urban areas. Urban area of Eslamshahr (650,000; 91 km2) is also excluded.
1 2 Essen–Düsseldorf and Cologne–Bonn are treated as separate urban areas which constitute the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area. Excludes urban area of Aachen–Vaals (585,000; 401 km2) in both Germany and the Netherlands.
↑ The population is lower than other estimates (such as the United Nations), which include metropolitan area population not within the continuously developed urban area. The Demographia population estimate is a “build-up” of sub-municipality population within the continuously developed area (urban area or agglomeration). Excludes urban areas of Tangshan (1,990,000; 277 km2) and Langfang (485,000; 117 km2).
↑ Excludes urban area of Wanzhou (Wanxian) (200,000; 16 km2) within the municipality of Chongqing. The direct-controlled municipality of Chongqing, which is sometimes translated as the direct-controlled city of Chongqing, has the largest population of any organism called a city in the stretches far beyond any reasonable definition of a metropolitan area.
↑ The population is higher than other agglomeration estimates (such as the United Nations), which does not include all of the continuously developed urban area in the state of Selangor. Continuous urbanization extends well beyond the municipality of Kuala Lumpur, for example to Port Klang and the area represents a single labor market (metropolitan area). The Demographia population estimate is a “build-up” of municipality population within the continuously developed area (urban area or agglomeration).
↑ Combination of Toronto, Hamilton and Oshawa urban areas. Excludes urban areas of Kitchener (425,000; 313 km2), St. Catharines–Niagara Falls (310,000; 383 km2), Barrie (160,000; 172 km2) and Guelph (115,000; 78 km2) which constitute the Golden Horseshoe metropolitan region in Canada as well as urban areas of Buffalo (975,000; 950 km2) and Rochester (695,000; 764 km2) in the United States.
1 2 The US Census Bureau combines Washington and Baltimore into a single metropolitan area (consolidated area) but Demographia considers the two (same with Washington, DC and Baltimore urbanized areas) as separate urban areas. Urban areas of Aberdeen–Havre de Grace (175,000; 264 km2), Frederick (120,000; 204 km2) and Hagerstown (120,000; 199 km2) are also excluded.
↑ Include communities under the authority of the Town Council.
↑ The population is higher than other agglomeration estimates (such as the United Nations), which does not include all of the continuously developed urban area, which stretches into Como, Lecco and Varese provinces. Excludes Bergamo which has been included in the 2007 edition (4,950,000; 3,043 km2 in total).
↑ Excludes urban areas of Acheng (300,000; 39 km2) and Shangzhi (250,000; 18 km2) within the sub-provincial city of Harbin.
↑ Detroit urbanized area. Excludes urban areas of Toledo (505,000; 524 km2), Flint (365,000; 599 km2), Ann Arbor (285,000; 333 km2) and South Lyon (105,000; 246 km2) in the United States as well as urban area of Windsor (280,000; 176 km2) in Canada .
1 2 Fukuoka and Kitakyūshū are treated as separate urban areas. Some sources combine Fukuoka with Kitakyūshū (such as the United Nations), which is not a part of the continuous urbanization of Fukuoka. The Demographia population estimate is a “build-up” of municipality population within the continuously developed area (urban area or agglomeration).
↑ Excludes urban areas of Amsterdam (1,050,000; 414 km2), Haarlem (450,000; 142 km2) and Utrecht (400,000; 109 km2) which constitute the Randstad metropolitan region.
↑ Vancouver urban area. Excludes urban area of Abbotsford (140,000; 155 km2).
